The first NASA space site was not designed by them but US Navy used it in high altitude fighters.
Direct observation of what flight in high altitude and the effect of it started with balloon flight in 1862 was one of the crew lost continues because of low air pressure. Pressure suit has been used in flight in 1920 and was developed a lot during WWII
The idea of a vacuum is space is from the 13th century in western science and confirmed by Newtonian mechanics, it has been suggested by ancient greeks. That vacuum kill an animal when the first vacuum pump was invented in the 1650s
So the problem has been known for centuries and people have made a pressure suit that works in space for a couple of decades for high altitude flight. So before we launched anything into space and got direct measurements for there.
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