Phone systems use numbers as codes and for routing. For example, the US uses the North American Numbering Plan. 1+ a number indicates long distance. Then there are area codes (NPA). 212 is in New York, 404 is Georgia etc. Lastly you have NXX which routes you to a specific central office. The final 4 digits would indicate which piece of equipment was tied into the subscriber.
Now a lot has changed and that is over simplified but that’s the point of the sub. All that being said, they just program 911 to be picked up to route for emergencies using these same routing technologies. So whenever it picks up a call to 911 instead of sending it around the US it just routes it to a local 911 call center which from my experience is maintained by a local government authority.
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