Ideally, depending on the kind and subject of the survey, there is a bunch of experimental precedent of the kind “we did the survey so and so often with so and so many people and we were able to predict the results of a later study to such and such precision” and that will tell you how many you need for an certain amount of accuracy. In reality it’s often more of a “ok how many people can we reasonably get to answer this in X time and how small can we reasonably claim our error to be given the sample size” situation.
Election polls, pre and post, are usually on the order of 1000 and up. You get a lot of potential candidates so you can just go big.
A study named “Acceptance of membership in the furry community of female siblings among males with Latino mothers and absent Polynesian fathers in rural Finnish communities” might find it a lot harder to get a representative sample size and will make due with what they get.
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