You more or less don’t. Any subset of a population will be unlikely to completely represent the ENTIRE population, especially when bias in selection exists and is even very difficult to avoid (people who respond to surveys are already a potential subset skewed towards certain types). Regardless, generally the more subjects you have, and the more varied their background/demographics/etc, the better.
This is part of why it’s so important though to include details of how the survey was conducted, the participants, demographics, and so on. So, when you *interpret* the results, you are aware of the limitations or possible blindspots / biases. This interpretation and awareness is necessary to get a good idea of what data really says, as very often it is mishandled/misrepresented when talked about.
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