If you invent something new, you can patent it (most of the time). In order to do so, you pay a fee to the government (the patent office), who then check if it is really your invention, if it is a new invention, if something like it already has been patented, if it is relevant enough to be patented,…
Once you hold the patent, no one is allowed to use your invention without your permission. Which either means no one else can use it (for example Lego up until recently), or you charge a fee to anyone who wants to use your patent.
This fee is essentially your profit from inventing the thing in the first place, since R&D takes a lot of resources.
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