why after over 300 years of dutch rule, contrary to other former colonies, Indonesia neither has significant leftovers of dutch culture nor is the dutch language spoken anywhere.
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A Dutch professor once made a good point nobody seems to have mentioned yet. In Indonesia it was the practice that the peasants spoke a different language than the rulers. So when the Dutch East India Company took over, they where advised that they shouldn’t teach the locals their language otherwise they would see the new Dutch overlords as equals. The Dutch only held a relatively small portion of today’s Indonesia till the 19th century, when they expanded it to the rest of the islands. Only after that, in the late 19th and 20th century the Dutch were teaching their language to the local population, but only in small numbers and not long enough to stay a strong part of Indonesian culture. In other colonies of the Dutch the language did in fact survived in a way, bear in mind that the standardisation of Dutch only began in the 19th century and was discussed over a lot, so mainly dialects stayed. Examples are Suriname and the Caribbean islands of the former Dutch Antilles where Dutch is still spoken and South Africa where Afrikaans is a breakaway Dutch dialect. Dutch also existed in New York state until the 19th century and there are also a lot of smaller dialects who stayed around for a while in other regions of the world but eventually disappeared.
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