Why and how does a drill hammer go half the rpm when put in reverse?

Question

Why and how does a drill hammer go half the rpm when put in reverse?

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Answer 1

That actually depends on the motor type.

For DC motors the speed and direction are directly controlled by the voltage you supply. So half voltage reverse polarity will give you exactly that result.

For AC motors and brushless motors the speed is controlled by the switching frequency of your voltage, so can be electronically set, and the direction is controlled by the order in wich the different coils are supplied with current.