Many good answers but I don’t think any of them covered a key piece.
Let’s talk specifically Costco, I am not too familiar with Sam’s club.
Costco makes almost all of its profits from membership. They have a fixed margin (14٪ I think) as all other costs, that comes from products. If they buy it for $100, they sell it for $114, at most. This covers their operating cost. The $60 or $120 they get from membership is the pure profit.
They also sell so many of the products that a penny on each still generates enough to cover the operating cost.
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