Rabies can hide from our defences. I think it uses specific parts of our own body (nerves/brain) that our immune system has trouble getting to, and it also has some chemical counter-measures to help avoid the immune response we do have in those areas.
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The virus travels very slowly through your nerves, and only hurts you when it reaches your brain.
The vaccine can act quickly, so if you get vaccined after being exposed, then your immune system can start to learn to fight it *before* the virus is half-way through destroying your brain, and hence defeat it.
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I am paraphrasing some parts of what I remember from this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4u5I8GYB79Y&ab_channel=Kurzgesagt%E2%80%93InaNutshell
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