It likely was originally because of phonograph records having limited time to run, at about 3 minutes per side. This was enforced by the advent of radio broadcasting this selected for set short compositions you can plan set advertisement pauses around.
I think it proved to be popular enough, not overstaying their welcome and not demanding people that want to enjoy a composition to pause it in the middle. I think it also made life a bit easier for bands that would otherwise market things differently. Releasing a single now is much better than a whole composition. And you can create a consumable single from any of the songs in the album. Also, it makes for an easier time for bands to build a repertoire with which they can tour.
But yeah, we are now trained for the attentions span of a songms length.
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