The sun is white, which means it contains all colours. If the sun only contained blue colors it would be blue, if it contained only blue and red it would be purple, as that is a mix of blue and red.
This means that you can change the color of light by removing some of the colors in that light. For example, if we had a purple light but removed all the red from it, it would look blue.
The atmosphere works sort of like a filter for the light. When the white light hits the atmosphere, the atmosphere will mostly let the blue light through while the other colors are stopped, so we only see the blue light making the sky blue.
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