The way we learn about subatomic particles is kind of like taking two cars, smashing them together in a head on collision, and trying to figure out how the car was built by the path of the debris flying through the air.
As for the bits of debris, we can tell some things about charge and mass by how their paths get bent by electric or magnetic fields.
Then there’s a whole lot of simulations and statistics to see if the debris that our models predict would come out of said collisions actually does.
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