This is a psycho-physiological effect.
When the fog is in front of you, your eyes and brain are adjusted notice the clear features of the unfoggy landscape around you. The fainter details inside the fog are:
1. further away than the clear landscape and cover only a small part of your visual field
2. harder to perceive than the clear landscape
3. subject to bigger contrast in lighting and luminance conditions
Once you are inside the fog:
1. There are no more distinct features to distract you
2. Your eyes have adjusted to the difference in light scattering and luminance
3. The foggy part of the landscape is now your entire visual field
So both your eyes and your brain adjust to make you perceive more details about things in the fog.
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