Modern Captchas take many forms. The most common kind tracks the movement of your mouse to check irregularities. For example, if a bot moves the mouse to click on an image, it will likely move in a straight line and stop instantly on the image. A human doing the same thing will have imperfections (slower, less straight line, course correction, etc.)
Older captchas only cared about the result (can you successfully type what is shown on screen or can you successfully identify which pictures are of cars) as computers were bad at those problems when captchas were first invented. Now, with machine learning, they’re much better than humans at those problems.
Captchas can still be beaten fairly simply, but it requires a little more effort on the programmer to do so.
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