In order for the liquid water to freeze it would need to lose heat. In a glass of ice water the heat will be absorbed by the ice. The ice absorbing heat from the liquid water cools the liquid water, but the ice will absorb enough heat to melt long before the liquid water has given up enough heat to freeze.
It is is possible for liquid water to spontaneously form into solid ice given the appropriate pressure and temperature, but a glass of ice water in a normal room likely doesn’t meet those criteria.
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