There are more ways of increasing thrust of a propeller. You can change the angle of the propeller blades to make them steeper, you can widen the blades, or increase the speed. Exactly what to do depends on more complex aerodynamic properties. Usually propeller tips are causing most of the issues with sound, turbulence and lost efficiency so you want as few propeller tips as possible. But this subject is way too complex for this subreddit.
The reason propellers do not have more thrust is that they need to match the motor that powers them. If you increase the thrust of a propeller then you need more power to maintain its speed. If your motor is not able to provide this power the propeller will slow down decreasing its thrust and the efficiency of both the propeller and the motor.
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