Unless some recent info has come out on the subject that I am unaware of, it’s a very poorly understood phenomenon. It’s related to inflammation and possibly microtears in fibres, but the actual DOMS process is still a bit of a mystery (I’m a few years behind on this though, maybe recently we discovered more)
Edit: it seems like I’m out-of-date and there is recent literature trying to link it to microdamage to the nervous system, ion channel microdamage and neuroinflammation, which makes a lot of sense at first glance, but I don’t think this is settled yet
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