To grossly over simplify, very old dimmers adjusted the voltage/current running through the light. Lower voltage = lower current and thus less bright.
Newer dimmers keep the voltage the same but muck with the wave of the alternating current – they actually keep the circuit to the bulb off for part of the A/C wave and switch it on part way through. When/where in that cycle is up to the dimmer, but the end result is your light isn’t dimming because its getting less current run through it, its actually flickering on/off, its just doing this so fast that we can’t see it. Well, most of us, turn a light dimmer down really low and catch the light out of the corner of your eye you might see it flicker.
Anyways, there are various types of the new dimmers and how they adjust this cycle (switch the light on/off – there are leading edge and trailing edge if you want to dig in more) and some of them work with some types of LEDs and others don’t.
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