The engine is a very hot place. So even if your oil will not actually burn it will slowly react with air and itself and change into different substances. So the big heavy hydrocarbons that helps lubricate the parts gets broken down into smaller molecules and black sot which does not lubricate as well. In addition the engine have a lot of metal pieces rubbing against each other and they may occasionally erode a bit on each other. The lubrication of the oil is supposed to help prevent this but it is still not perfect. The problem is that when the metal erode there will be small metal pieces that ends up in the oil. These might at some point make their way into other places that is being lubricated by the oil and these metal particles will act more like sandpaper then lubricant. Preferably these metal particles gets trapped in the oil filter but even this ends up clogged if there is too much. And some metal particles might be too small for the filter.
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