it’s the step down transformer in the adapter. your house outlet is 120 volts and your device is probably 12 volts or less. the physics of it does not allow it to be much smaller. it has two cores with many rounds of copper winding. the two cores don’t touch. the electricity is transferred via induction and stepped down from 120v to whatever you need. that’s why it’s usually external. it’s just too big.
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