If the update replaces drivers then Windows needs to go through the boot process to load the new ones into memory and use them. Otherwise the could be a mixture of updated and not updated code loaded with strange results or just the supposedly critical update not taking effect until a reboot. Besides what we typically think of as a device driver, the system contains drivers for the network stack and the file system that often get updated.
Not every update might strictly require a reboot, but it’s simpler to just reboot unconditionally. It’s also easier to identify a bugged update immediately.
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