A lot of earphones actually have more than 1 driver. Typically could be say 1 dynamic drivers and 1 balanced armature or 2 of the same kind (some have 10!).
Bass is omnidirectional (well, relative to typical driver size) and thus fills the space. Your ear canal is a tiny space so a tiny driver is needed. A living room is giant by comparison, so larger drivers are needed.
Treble is directional (again, relative to typical driver size) and thus a small driver is all that’s needed. Treble is high in frequency and thus has lots of back/forth movement per second, and large drivers are heavy and can’t move like that without distorting. A large driver playing treble would also be highly directional, which gives no room involvement and makes group listening poor.
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