It has rather little to do with culture. Rather, India and China are both situated in probably the best place on the planet to start a civilization. Both are subtropical places with great soil quality and large rivers (Yangtze, Yellow, Brahmaputra, Indus, Ganges). These factors make it extremely easy to start a civilization there, and once one is up and running, the high food yield that’s possible there can create advanced and wealthy societies that incentivize even more children.
TLDR: Lots of rice and barley.
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