Why do laptops have special adapters in their plugs?
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The bricks on a laptop power cord are their power supply
It lowers the voltage of the wall socket (usually 120v or 220v) to something that can charge the laptops battery and also power it. Typically around 19 volts.
Computer power supplies do a similar thing producing 12v and 5v power. But why is a computer power supply internal, but a laptops is a separate brick? Because building it into a laptop would make it heavier and bulkier.
Next gen laptops though are starting to use USB-C for charging which will help standardize a common power supply for laptops.
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