It’s really just the size of the explosion and the dust. The heat causes the air to rise. The rising dust will spread out, and since it’s heavier than air, start to fall. The falling dust gets sucked into that column of rising hot air, and there you go; mushroom.
With smaller explosions, the force of the blast spreads everything around and doesn’t heat stuff up in the same way for that rising air-column-effect, or at least not enough to raise all that dust/debris with it.
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