You have to keep in mind that the United Nations is literally the Allies from WW2. The permanent Security Council members are the former leaders of the Allies in a sense. The United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union (whose seat was later inherited by the Russian Federation) should make enough sense, the Republic of China (whose seat was later inherited by the People’s Republic of China) was the nominal government of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War and represented the main fighting force against Japan in the Asian mainland, and France (whose seat was later inherited by France) also got despite capitulating early in the war because of the continued fighting by Free France in opposition to the Vichy regime.
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