why do shotguns have a shorter range?
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typically they don’t.
Shotguns have the unique aspects of having the most variance when it comes to ammunition types.
your standard shotgun shell will fire a cartidge that contains a numbers of pellets sized by gauge(which is a measure of how many pellets you could make out of a pound, size size a 12 gauge sheels would be equivalent to a .73).
but you have stuff like Slugs which fire a single self contained shot and this has pretty decent reliable range(max range at whihc you are guaranteed ot hit your target). however unlike with rifles Shotgun barrles normally are Smoothbore meaning they dont get ot “spin” the shell to increase travel time.
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