Pack running: Passing and/or maintaining a lane come into play. You don’t want to be boxed in so you can’t get around to the outside without dropping back and having to increase effort for a longer time to move up.
Drafting: Already been discussed here – marginal improvement, but it makes a difference. Especially helpful if there’s a headwind or weather you’d prefer not to take on.
In-lane running (sprints): Hanging back and gauging your opponents’ speed can give you some reserve that you can then use for your “kick” at the end of the race.
Heats: Sometimes all you’re trying to do is come in the top 3 so you qualify for the final heat… and you definitely want to save as much energy for that final if it’s going to happen in the same day.
The fact is your best will not be your absolute best every day. Some days your best is closer to 85% of max, some days it’s 50%. Same goes for athletes… and their opponents.
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