We do feel turbulence on the ground, it’s called wind gusts. Have you ever driven a truck or van in a strong crosswind?
Aircraft are exposed to winds moving up and down as well as sideways, and the extra surface area of wings lets you feel the acceleration more strongly. They can also move from a region of air with wind consistently moving in one direction, to a region of air with the wind consistently moving in a different direction, you’ll feel a jerk when you make that transition.
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