Goosebumps, also known as horripilation or piloerections, occur when your sympathetic nervous system triggers the tiny muscles located at the base of each hair follicle — the arrector pili muscles — to contract. That muscle contraction causes the hair to stand on end1. Goosebumps tend to form when you’re cold. They also form when you experience a strong emotional feeling, such as extreme fear, sadness, joy, and sexual arousal. Goosebumps may also occur during times of physical exertion2.
Some scientists have suggested that goosebumps are an evolutionary holdover from our early (hairier) ancestors, who kept themselves warm through an endothermic layer of heat they retained immediately beneath the hairs of their skin3. The formation of goose bumps in humans under stress is considered to be a vestigial reflex. Its function in other apes is to raise the body’s hair, and would have made human ancestors appear larger to scare off predators or to increase the amount of air trapped in the fur to make it more insulating4.
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