The different lenses are for different purposes. You have a large ~~aperture~~ focal depth one for nice landscape pictures, you have a zoom one, you have a wide angle one for selfies and closeups or whatever. But given the very small amount of space available its extremely difficult to get good “does everything” results in a single lens and sensor stack. When you have a suitable all purpose or adjustable lens in a physical camera these can be several inches to several feet big, comprised of several dozen lenses inside that can move around; but even these are either very big and expensive, or are just good at one thing (telephoto zoom for example).
So its much easier (and thus cheaper) to put 3 sensors and 3 lenses in the camera, especially since real estate isn’t an issue anymore now that screens have to be like 10 or 11 inches.
edit: Aperture, focal length, whatever. I did mobile electronics but I wasn’t the optics guy.
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