Your eyes are seeing mostly nonsense, kind of akin to static on an old TV. When you push on your eyeball, you’re putting pressure on your optic nerve and exacerbating the nonsense data going to your brain.
Your brain, on the other hand, is doing its goddamn best to make sense of this nonsense data. I general, our brains are very good at this. But given the optical signals are “randomized” so to speak, the best your brain can do is connect bits and pieces of it into wacky abstract shapes and colors and whatnot.
As a kid I used to do this by gently pressing on the outer sides of my eyes with a fingertip. That way I could keep my eyes open and observe the shapes gradually blocking out my vision completely after a couple of minutes. Once released, it takes a few seconds for normal vision to return.
No permanent damage as far as I can tell, but probably don’t do this too much.
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