It has to do with how your immune system deals with diseases, in the case of viruses or bacteria your immune system can usually store their markers for easy identification later. How long they stay stored depends.
Moreover a disease like the common cold changes it’s markers so quickly that the next time you get it the information your immune system has is already outdated.
Then there are diseases like cancer that don’t involve a bacteria or virus at all. Your immune system can’t store the markers here because there are none.
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