why does a program/game slow down or cap out on resource allocation well before the computer is out of resources?
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Many programs, games especially, are largely sequential. Each step depends on the step before it. So they have to be done in a specific order.
Basically all modern CPUs are multi-core CPUs. Each core is the thing that does the actual processing. So a 4-core CPU can do 4 things at once. But sequential stuff has to be done on a single core. Doing multiple steps at once might mess up the order. So one core is doing all the work, while the other cores are mostly just sitting around (or doing something unrelated).
Other parts of the computer mainly exist to support all the CPU cores, so if most cores aren’t doing much then the other resources aren’t doing much either.
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