A very tiny cup can only hold a very tiny amount of water. Pouring a very tiny cup of water over your head will not make you wet because you are very big.
In the same way, tinfoil is a very tiny bit of metal and it can only hold a very tiny amount of “heat”. Touching a very tiny amount of heat will only make your finger a very tiny amount warmer because you are very big.
A lot of FANTASTIC explanations here, but none are ELI5.
The aluminum that the foil is made of is special because it can go from hot to cold SUPER fast, so as soon as the oven door opens up, it starts to get cool enough to not burn you.
Plus small things that have a lot of air nearby can cool down faster, so the foil being so thin means the air touches almost all of it at once and helps it cool even faster so when your finger made mostly of water touches it, there’s not enough heat in the special aluminum left over to burn you.
So those two reasons together are why mommy and daddy can touch foil, but don’t ever ever ever touch the oven when we’re cooking, it’s VERY dangerous and I wouldn’t want you getting hurt.
Back when I was about 12 (looong time ago) Mr. Ireland (known, inevitably, as Paddy) was trying to get across to a new class the difference between heat and temperature. He heated a needle to white heat, dropped it in a liter of cold water, had us all feel that the water was still cold. He heated a lump of steel in boiling water, dropped it into his liter and it had an easily discernable effect on the temperature. There you go, he said, the needle was at a much higher temperature the steel contained more heat energy. The foil may be very hot but it doesn’t contain much heat, and it cools quickly, so your fingers can’t detect it. edman007-work probably explains it better
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