There’s two factors involved
1. Is that caffeine shrinks your arteries. A lot of headaches are vascular meaning that they are the caused by too much blood flow in the brain. Reducing that blood flow helps relieve the pain.
2. Headaches are a symptom of caffeine withdrawal, so drink caffeine makes the withdrawal symptoms go away.
Most headache and migraine medicine has caffeine as an ingredient, because it stimulates and promotes vasoconstriction. If your headache is from caffeine withdrawal, obviously this will resolve the symptoms. If it is not, the caffeine shrinks blood vessels and promotes higher blood pressure, which moves a lot of blood around your head and scalp, thus lessening the painful symptoms of a headache.
Headaches are very well researched, but not very well understood. The main thought has to do with blood throughput to the scalp area, but we don’t know why.
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