The same reason why water hurts when contacting an open wound. Your sore throat is an open wound battlefield where your immune system is fighting an infection.
Water has less concentration of ions compared to the liquid in your cells. When water is in contact, water will flow to try and balance both ion concentrations. It will flow into the cells to try and dilute the concentration. This flow and ion change gets registered by the wound’s exposed nerves as pain.
Pouring liquid with similar ion concentrations like saline or Gatorade will not trigger pain
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