The brain is very complex, and there really isn’t one definitive answer for your question. Though there is a good word for it: epiphany, or a sudden realization. Presumably, as others have said, the reason why we have an epiphany is because the synapses in our brains make associations to the newly learned information. However, that is only one part of the equation. We “notice” an epiphany because associations are also made in other parts of the brain. For example, if we are emotionally invested then having an epiphany may illicit a “proud” response. Our brains also release serotonin as a result of learning something, which can explain a “feel good” sensation.
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