Water running produces noise, which is basically a bunch of different tones at once.
Now, a tone can be represented by an arc, the length of two of them being the length of the wave (a wavelength). The wave is thus made of a knot and hill.
Imagine the wave starting inside the bottle with a knot at the water’s surface. If a wavelength exits the container at a length where it exits as a “hill” then it becomes amplified.
As the height of the water changes the wavelengths that get amplified change as well. That produces the unique sound.
Of course there’s also a lot more at play, but that’s the main fist of it without diving into acoustics.
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