I work for a water bottling company and we actually do lab tests for this sort of thing all the time.
Now the theory is that an open and used bottle of water will be introduced to bacteria from the air and from your mouth. This bacteria in small amounts is obviously not harmful (and new bottled water has small amounts of bacteria anyway), but if left to multiply and grow can be a problem. Just like with any food.
Does this really happen in reality? Mostly no. So mostly this process won’t be fast or severe enough to do any damage if you reuse your bottle for a few days or even weeks. However there is no guarantee. And depending on the environment and the water you use, the level of bacteria can become too high and make you sick. Say you replace bottled water with well water and leave it out in the sun in the summer, it won’t be safe to drink after a few days – it’ll probably turn Green.
If you’re cycling through the water every day, then not a big deal. But you don’t want it to sit stagnant for any length of time.
I just got back from 2 weeks vacation and left my water bottle about half full on my desk. When I opened it made the “pssht” sound of releasing gas and smelled like death. It’s currently getting sterilized with bleach. And that was just filtered tap water in it, nothing else.
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