Very, very basically: Your muscles are like energy tanks. The energy in those tanks is depleted as your muscles do work and your body replenishes it by turning nutrients or stored energy into new “muscle fuel.”
If you do a long set of push-ups, then by the end of it, that tank, your muscles, will be “running on empty,” making your body realise that it needs a bigger tank. I.e. your muscles must grow to support the work they do.
For this growth energy is needed, again, from nutrients or stored energy. Thus, you’ll burn fat/calories by forcing your body to make your muscles work/grow.
If, however, as in your example with one push-up a minute, you were to give your muscles time to relax, then that tank will never be empty and your muscles won’t grow, as there is no need for them to do so.
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