Food spoils because of bacteria, tiny little organisms which are practically everywhere. Cooking will kill those little guys off and the inside of a piece of steak is protected because there is no pathway for them to have worked into the interior since the cow died. Bacteria can’t just appear out of nowhere and the barrier of the meat means there is nothing in there to kill off.
Hamburger on the other hand is ground up meat. Bacteria can be mixed deep into the inside of a hamburger on the surface of the meat which is all mixed up, meaning cooking the interior is important to kill that stuff off.
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