Quite a few birds only eat fish small enough to swallow whole. They do take care to swallow the fish head-first, as fins and other projections can be very pokey going the other way.
Some species of bear that feed on salmon only eat the skin, which is loaded with fat. In more spare times they may also eat the flesh, which isn’t as fatty.
That said, there are probably plenty of instances of fish-eating animals seriously injuring themselves, as JerseyWiseguy suggests.
There’s some good answers here I will add that the human upper airway (oropharynx) has evolved greatly for speech, but this has made us more prone to choking. Apparently speech confers enough of an evolutionary advantage to be beneficial, but it does have significant drawbacks such as our choking risk.
Bears actually [don’t usually bother to eat the whole salmon](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0dabXAy7uA), normally eating the fat rich skin, eggs, and brain and discarding the rest since during spawning season it would take less effort to catch another salmon than trying to eat the flesh around the bones.
You wouldn’t eat apple cores if there were more apples on the tree.
Because we speak!
Our throats are particularly sensitive to choking because of how they’ve had to adapt to speech.
And, maybe it’s just me, but I feel like animals have, like, tougher throats or something. They seem to be able to eat whatever the fuck they want and we choke on our own spit (or *I* choke on my own spit).
I read a ways into this thread, and no one has commented on the most obvious answer:
We generally cook our fish that has bones in it. When we cook bones they become less rubbery and pliable, and instead become hard, sharp, and dangerous. Bears, birds and other animals are not cooking their fish, so the bones are still quite flexible, malleable, and easily swallowed.
I fed my dogs raw chickens- bones and all- for years, but any cooked chicken, the bones had to be removed because the bones could splinter and cause GI damage.
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