Since it hasn’t been mentioned yet, one other factor in video call latency is buffering. Because videos are not sent frame by frame (but rather an occasional full “key” frame followed by a sequence of data describing only what has changed), they need to accumulate some of that data before the video can be transmitted or displayed. When the connection is poor, there is a need to increase the size of this buffer to avoid interruptions, as it is sometimes necessary to re-transmit corrupted information or temporarily reduce the transmission rate to avoid issues.
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