This is a rabbit hole question. Like how does calculus work. So you want to know where do notes come from?” Start with “what are overtones and harmonics?” Then listen to Mozarts concerto for natural horn no 4 rondo. It is played on a single length of tubing (no slides like a trombone or valves to change the length of horn.)yet can play all the notes Mozart needed it to. Kind of like frets on a guitar but not exactly. Here’s the best video I could find
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