As others have emphasized, it is an energy problem. And thus a cost problem. The technology is there and is very well understood, it is currently simply too expensive to run economically. The reason is that the types of filtration membranes used for desalination require a lot of pressure to push the water through, which raises the cost.
Whoever invents an energy-cheap desalination process might actually make trillions.
Source; am a water filtration scientist.
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