[Kurzgesagt](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4u5I8GYB79Y) made a good video of it that goes into details.
The broad view is that it infects your nervous system and then gets into your brain. Your brain is a delicate organ, so it usually enjoys some privileges when it comes to your immune system.
Viral infections are tough to medicate (partially because viruses aren’t really “alive” and that means there are fewer ways of “killing” them) so if your own immune system is waiting the fight out, there’s not much that medicine can do for the patient.
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