It’s the idea of mechanical advantage. To move your mass from point A to point B takes a certain amount of energy no matter what, but if that energy is spread out over more time, then the power required (energy/ time) can be less. Like the difference between a mile sprint and a leisurely stroll.
The gearing of a bicycle allows you to adjust how much power you’re putting into your movement. Couple this with the fact that bicycles can coast on downhills, and you have a much more efficient means of distance travel.
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