Dan Carlin in his “Blueprint for Armageddon” audio series really explains it well. War is hell, and while soldiers of all eras have been scared by it in various ways, the stalemate of WWI trench warfare was an amplification of the worst of the past the longer it went on. The sustained fighting with little actual movement between lines, and the constant of gunfire and shelling had a particularly nasty effect on soldiers mental states. Shellshock refers specifically to the conditions on the state of mind (and the physical neurological impact) created by constant artillery shelling for extended periods of time.
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