How are the planets in our solar system arranged in a specific order around the Sun, and how does their size play a role in determining that order?
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The main equation for circular motion is a = v^2 /r .
As the acceleration towards the sun is the gravitational field strength where g = GM/r^2 .
Replacing g for a as the acceleration is the field strength, you get v^2 = GM/r. G and M are constants, one the gravitational constant and one the mass of the sun. So r is inversely proportional to v^2 .
Notice mass of the planet is not involved, just the velocity. I hope this helps.
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